Millennium Development Goals

When Millennium Development Goals were formulated, many people expected that the number of  hungry people will be halved  by 2015. Today this goal still remains a challenge as progress to end hunger has stopped in most regions. According to statistics, around 925 million people worldwide  suffer  from hunger. In Nepal the  undernourished population  is estimated to be 3,33 million. To make  matters worse, the prices of agricultural commodities such as wheat or corn has been constantly rising making difficult for the poorest people to feed themselves.  For example, global  prices for  corn and wheat have increased by as much as 50% since June, 2012.

High food prices is a  huge problem for developing  countries that have  to import food to support their growing populations. There are many families which   spend 60-80 percent of their income on food. In these situations, higher prices can  hit very  hard. Families  have to cut the number of meals they have a day and spend less on schooling and medicine. The G20 group of nations are planning to hold a meeting to formulate  a  response to the rising food prices in September. But are  world leaders  capable of finding  a long-lasting  solution?

RIGHT'S WITHOUT BORDER'S

It is a basic realization of the current world order that every human being on the globe has basic human rights which cannot be denied no matter what their geographical location, colour or creed.

Nevertheless some countries point to the principle of sovereignty of states as escape goat in their endeavor not to account for violations of human rights in their territories. Sovereignty is the working mechanism of the United Nations as it guides states not to interfere with the internal affairs of the other states. This principle is anchored in Article 2 of the United Nations.

However in the current global legal arena human rights are not the internal affairs of the state only but a natural and a legal concern of the international community. It is on this basis that violators of peremptory norms of human rights for instance crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes are having the sword of the International Criminal Court dangling over their heads.

Further states do not only have an obligation towards their citizens but every person present in their territory. By extension nations are under duty to protect persons crossing the border to seek protection in their states. The international asylum law requires states not to refoul any person to a territory where they may be subjected to torture or persecution. Prof Goodwin Gill criticizing Europe for its closed door policy to asylum seekers says that human rights do not stop at the borders of Europe.

On that the foundation leadership of young democracies like Nepal do need to appreciate that the global international human rights standards have to be adhered to the latter. This requires structural mechanisms as well as dedicated leadership and above all aggressive people.

It is an established principle that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Consequently the power conferred on the executive has to be properly checked so that it is not abused to advance personal interests. That is why principles like the separation of powers has to be properly implemented so that the legislature and the judiciary can properly hold the executive accountable for inappropriate or illegal actions. Further relevant independent bodies like human rights watch dog, electoral body, anti-corruption body etc are paramount in the walk towards proper governance.

There are situations the world over proper structural mechanisms have been mutilated to fit the selfish gains of the days leadership. Therefore a leadership that is not selfless may still make counterproductive any system however proper the same might be.

However the antidote to such kind of leadership lies in the concerted and unified efforts of the ruled. The people have to realize that it is their duty to vet the leadership through the process of voting. Therefore voting is not only a right but a duty which has to be exercised with all due diligence.  Further the people can hold the executive accountable through organized channels like the media, through civil society groups, through the courts and such other means as maybe necessary.

By Ahmed Issack, UNV

Why don't even strong democratic theories; Nor do any political system works in this small nation

...; ideally, a democracy functions on the basis of the formal exercise of political and civic rights (freedom of expression, of association, etc.), the full political participation of people (i.e. every citizen should have a say in matters that affect his/her life), an accountable and transparent government and well-functioning electoral institutions, etc. In practice, however, these democratic ideals are never fully observed. Contrasting the practice of democracy with its ideal, Drèze and Sen (2002) observe that the actual practice of democratic ideals in a given society critically depends on a large array of factors. They cite the following: first, the practice of democracy depends on the extent of political participation, like election turnouts, the number of political parties, and the number of people who present themselves in elections. Among other factors that disrupt democratic institutions are inefficiency, corruption, incompetence of the bureaucracy and lack of motivation.  Further, when people are not well-informed about different political parties and their programmes or when they do not have the educational level to understand their programmes or the policy issues that concern them, their vote may not reflect their best interests. The situation gets worst in developing countries where people's choices and Vote/s are influenced by various factors & institutions that affect thier day to day lives. Chronoic poverty and low literacy rate has always provided fertile ground for Vote Bank Politics; neverthless, " Selling of Votes" has been a good practice among people for livelihood opportunities.

Nepal could be a best example to study; the country has seen the Monarchy, the Ranas (Dictators), Pancha’s (the Panchyat System), Political Leaders (Multi Party Democracy), Maoists (Revolutionaries transforming into political party) and now Mr. President, but all so far nothing have worked out. The nation is struggling hard not to be tagged as state of failure. Whilst, the next agenda is federalism (pinned up with a new culture in nepali politics ie. "Political Polarization" along with gradually/systematically being democratically-constructed particularly negative values like racism.) The question is why don't even strong democratic theories, nor do any political system  works in this small nation once which was viewed as zone of peace.

 References:

1. http://www.idrc.ca/ (The International Development Research Center, Science for Humanity) (browsed on 25/05/2010).
2. http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/  (Human Development Reports) (browsed on 26/05/2010).
3. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/frontmatter/135934.htm (as browsed on 26/05/2010.
4.  http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Democracy/On_Democracy_Dahl.html (excerpts from the book    On Democracy” by Robert A. Dahl, Yale University Press 1998)

August 19th, 2012 

The youth play a vital role in democratization and social transformation, regardless of origin or location. They offer fresh ideas and new perspectives on public affairs issues that their predecessors may be blindsided by. True, they lack the experience, but they have the advantage of not being jaded by life’s trials and errors. This new found vitality is what each state not only needs, but rather craves when faced by crisis or political gridlock. Involving them at a young age would help develop a sense of civic duty and also provide good practice and preparation for when its their turn to cast a vote in the political process. Who wouldn’t want a mature, politically and socially conscious pool of voters? 

Furthermore, youth involvement in public affairs would develop their critical thinking and reasoning skills; it would provide a better understanding on how politics, social issues and economics are forever intertwined and linked with the history of a certain nation.

Mind you, young minds are fairly impressionable. It is critical for one to take initiative and attempt to expose oneself to different points of views and schools of thought. The importance of education can never be stressed enough. It is the key ingredient to successful nation-building. Good education results in well-rounded individuals who are capable of developing a framework or plan of action under which a nation could rise to its feet again. 

BMA

19th August 2012-World Humanitarian Day

The United Nations’ (UN) World Humanitarian Day is held on August 19 each year. This day is dedicated to all humanitarians who have worked to promote the humanitarian cause and those of them who have lost their lives at the time of the duty. August 19  also celebrates the  spirit of people helping people regardless dangers and obstacles. 

Humanitarian work is among the most dangerous professions in the world, as humanitarians usually are assigned to go to the most  precarious places. Humanitarian workers are the first  to save lives  and provide material or logistic support in a response to severe crisis: floods, droughts or other disasters.  Today the total number of humanitarian workers worldwide is  more than 200000. They are working in  NGOs, Red Cross/Red Crescent organization or UN system.

Humanitarian work is increasingly important as natural or man-made disasters are common all over the world.  Affected people often  may not have enough resources to deal with the crisis, therefore humanitarian assistance is crucial to help them. However, governments and  international aid organizations should not forget that many  crisis, especially  those man-made,  could and should be stopped  before humanitarian aid needs  to be send.

Sources:

http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/2012/whd2012_en.htm

http://www.un.org/en/events/humanitarianday/

Author: Loreta, UNV Online Volunteer

UNV Volunteer
For: Initiative Nepal

The Edge of Democracy

Democracy, originating from the Greek "demos" , which essentially means the people..by the people, for the people. The whole initial point of elections are to voice the opinions of the public and have their interest represented by the "elected officials" who are all held responsible to their constituents. Representing all sectors of society , democracy in theory  creates a system which allows the people to change their representative if they are not satisfied  or just wanting a change in office .These selected few, MP's, senators, governor  should not be motivated by their own individual gains, wants or interest s they are rightfully of service to the public, but is this always the case? Are these few elite always working in our best interest  or are the motivated by other means, business, political peer pressure , financial incentives?

In the recent decade  with all the political drama that has occurred let's be honest with ourselves, how many times have you questioned the authenticity of the real motives.  It's an all to familiar pattern, before elections we  are force feed utopian ideals and promises which in turn strangles the voice of rationality in our heads.

Broken promise: A prime example,  UK elections before the liberal democrats had any hopes of gaining any significant political power, the campaigned to students about tuition fees and that putting them in power would protect them from any arbitrary attacks on fees. We feel for it like suckers...Voting them in. Not a year into their coalition with the Conservatives and students fees have tripled. Yes...Tripled. Little do the liberal democrats know, they have severely crippled any possible opportunity being re-elected into power from the future generation they have given the proverbial middle finger to. 

Power Hogs:  Some heads of states who swear to vow by the constitution seem to forget the underlining basics.. Free and Fair elections? Cameroon for instance, a country with a population of 20 million, gained independence in the 60's but has only ever had 2 presidents. Paul Biya, claiming to win every election free and fair year, after year after year? Do we think that is the case? Since 83 the country's economic and social status is severely undermined, so why would the electorate not like a change. Democracy they claim, democracy they shout.  Cameroon is just one of the number of country's who claim their electorate still vote for the same , lets name a few more. Zimbabwe, Russia and its single party system..Just as bad, Cuba's Castro ( We love his revolutionary style but his still a power hog).  It leads one to think of two words that come to mind...

Corruption and Bribery ...

Issues we will discuss next week...

Author: Eto Elad

UN Online Volunteer

UNV Volunteer
For: Initiative Nepal

Child labor: The plague of the developing world

Economic exploitation of children is one of the most striking global problems. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines the term “child labor” as work that deprives children of their childhood and that is harmful to their physical and mental development. Child labor also refers to work that is dangerous and harmful for the child, interferes with education or prevents the child from school attendance. The tremendous harm of child labor is self-evident. Working children do not experience the joy of childhood, instead they have to spend long and tiring hours in dangerous environments: mines, factories, streets or agricultural fields. Most of the working children cannot attend school and that takes away their chances to have more prosperous future. Without education they will have to face poverty throughout the entire life. In general, child labor has a huge negative effect on the economic development, as it prevents children from getting enough skills to build the better future for themselves and for their country.

Elimination of child labor has been on the international agenda for years, but the real  progress  is yet to be achieved in many regions of the world. According to the ILO, there are around 215  millions child laborers worldwide. Nepal  is among  the countries where the percentage of child laborers is the highest. ILO data  shows that   2.6 million children  between the age  of 5 and 14 are working in Nepal. This number accounts for almost ¼ of children of the country. These children are employed in industries, mines, plantations, construction sites and streets.  Many of them are also told to work for household requirements instead of going to school. 

There are many causes behind child labor, but poverty is  the greatest of them all.  Incomes from child labor become an additional source of money  for poor families. When families are in difficult financial situation, they are likely to take back children from school and send them  to work.  Furthermore, children  often  become bonded laborers and work in order  to pay off the debts of their relatives.

There are also  cultural factors  explaining child labor.  For example, in traditional  cultures  there is a strong belief that  girls  do not need formal education, therefore, parents prefer them staying  at home and providing domestic services for the family.   In Nepal only 48.3% of females over 15 years can read and write, while the literacy  level among boys of the same age is 73%. Girls  often are send to work first, if family face hard times, because education of girls is less valued than education of boys. Furthermore,  sometimes children from the early age are expected to help their families and perform work similar to adults, especially if their parents followed the same path.   

The Nepalese government has enacted a number of laws aimed to combat child labor. According to  the Children’s Act 1992,  a child who has not attained the age of 14 shall not be employed in any work as a laborer. The Labor Act 1992 and Labor Rules 1993 again  prohibit  the employment of children under 14 and prohibit employment of youth below 18 years in mining industry. The Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act regulates work  hours of 14-16 years old children.   Kamaiya Labor Prohibition Act, 2001  prohibits forced employment of children to pay off the debt of their families.  The Nepalese government has also  ratified many  international conventions aimed to eliminate  child labor,  including ILO Forced Labor Convention and UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.  These are all positive steps towards combating child labor in the country. However, the biggest problem is that these laws  are  often not properly enforced and fragile economic situation still  push parents to send their children to work from the early age.

What else is done to fight against child labor? There is also a network of non-governmental organizations and international agencies such as UNICEF working for the elimination of child labor in Nepal.   For example, one of the best known initiatives  is Rugmark Nepal. This organization  inspects  factories in Kathmandu to ensure that they do not employ children and issues certificates  that no child was exploited during production.

However, for a real change, there needs to be a societal mobilization. Laws are not enough to put the end on the exploitation of children.  Combined efforts of  civil society,  international community and government are  needed to solve the problem of child labor. Furthermore, there should be a common understanding in the society  that  child labor   has  a long-term negative effects not only on lives of children, but also on the development of the country. 

Sources:

Santosh Vargese, “Child Labor in Nepal: Education Combating Unjust Labor”, Youth Advocate Program International Resource Paper, www.yapi.org/rpchildlabornepal.pdf 

Sam Taylor and Sarah Crowe, “One World Day against Child Labor”,

http://www.unicef.org/protection/nepal_49982.html

Child labor and responses in South Asia,

http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/regions/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/nepal/index.htm

Child labor,

http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm

CIA World Fact book, Nepal

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html

How about MDGs?

After a decade of “talking the talk” without really “walking the walk”, world leaders gathered in the United Nations Headquarters in New York in September 2000 to adopt what is known as the “United Nations Millennium Declaration” that commits their respective countries to a number of goals with a deadline in the end of 2015 to achieve those targets. These targets have become to be known as the “Millennium Declaration” which included the “MillenniumGoals” - MDGs. Summed-up in eight points, these goals embody some of the main challenges to development: 

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, 
2. Achieve universal primary education, 
3. Promote gender equality and empowering women 
4. Reduce child mortality rates,
5. Improve maternal health,
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,
7. Ensure environmental sustainability, and 
8. Develop a global partnership for development

The adoption of the “Millennium Declaration” in 2000 was followed by a “UN Millennium Project” in 2002. Commissioned by the UN-Secretary General, it aimed to develop a plan of action for world countries to achieve the MDGs by 2015.  This plan as concluded and delivered to the Secretary-General in 2005. 

A decade, 189 nations, and signatures of 147 heads of state later and still no clear indication on how achievable or even realistic those goals are. No doubt MDGs are a noble initiative, aimed to foster global citizenship, empathy, tolerance and improve the world we live in. On a more practical note, these MDGs do provide useful inputs and guidelines and policies. A look at the “Nepal Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2012” would clarify the relevance of those MDGs not only to 2015, but beyond that as well, providing a long-term vision in critical areas like health, education and environment. 

Sources: 

-http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml

-http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/upload/Nepal/Nepal_MDG_2010.pdf 

-http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html

Nepal's Ban...

"Nepal has banned women under 30 from travelling to Gulf countries to work following reports of widespread sexual abuse and exploitation."

Fact: Nepal is among the poorest and least-developed countries in the world. Almost one-quarter of its population live below the poverty line. As a result of this prevalent poverty, thousands of women - mostly aged under 25 - leave the country every year to take up menial jobs in cleaning or construction, with many heading to Gulf Arab states.

Following widespread reports that these young female workers are being sexually and psychologically exploited in their destination Gulf countries, the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal has placed an age ban on women migrant workers. The government's argument is that women above 30 years of age are at a lower risk of being subjected to these sexual and psychological exploitation.

But the important question is: will this age ban be a long- or short-term solution? Besides, statistics have shown that sexual and psychological exploitation are as rampant among age group 30-40 as it is among age group 25 and below.

Bidemi Ologunde 

United Nations Volunteer

For: Initiative Nepal

“Democracy” is one of those words widely used - and misused- in political jargon. carelessly thrown here and there in speeches and constantly mistaken for “popular support” or “rule of majority”. Politicians use it, party leaders use it, dictators and one-party regimes use it, but very few understand the concept itself; even fewer know of the torturous history that shaped that concept. 

The simplest definition of democracy is as follows: a form or system of government where the people participate directly, or indirectly, in public decision making. It is governance by all eligible members of society through direct participation or through elected representatives.

Essentially, there are two forms of democracy: direct democracy and representative democracy. Direct democracy is when democracy is exercised through citizens’ direct involvement, most notable in unitary democracies and on the local level , for example town hall meetings and city councils. While representative democracy is when eligible citizens nominate and elect a delegate to represent them on the national level, as in federal democracies. For example, in the US each of the 50 states elects one official to represent it in the Senate. Similarly, the Constituent Assembly’s vision of a new Nepal was based on the same model of federalism.

As Nepal makes the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a federal democracy, it is crucial that Nepalese citizens are fully aware not only of the electoral process, but also of the benefits and responsibilities of democracy. 

Democracies thrive in openness - tolerance, freedom of belief and thought, equality before the law and due process and freedom of assembly. These are all essential components of a successful democratic state. Granted, not all of these aspects are available at every self proclaimed democratic state, but they are key components to an ideal democracy. Nepal’s pluralism, in theory, should permit peaceful coexistence, dialogue, a dialectic of conflict and conflict resolution that would lead to a consensus of what the “common good”. Negotiation of different interests, accepting different beliefs and permitting different lifestyles may be the stepping stone to Nepal’s nation/ state building process. Diversity and conflict of interests form the basis of political equilibrium and power and political influence will be distributed based on the results of that bargaining. In effect, making the democratic process and transfer of power a very fluid and dynamic process. 

BMA